Andrew disciple biography

Apostle of Jesus direct the New Testament (c. 5 AD – 60/70 AD)

"St Andrew" redirects here. For other uses, see St Andrew (disambiguation).

Saint Andrew the Apostle
Saint Andrew (c. 1611) by Peter Paul Rubens
Born	c. 5 AD Bethsaida, Galilee, Roman Empire
Died	60/70 AD[1] Patras, Achaea, Roman Empire
Venerated in	All Christian denominations which venerate saints
Major shrine	St Andrew's Cathedral, Patras, Greece; St Mary's Church, Edinburgh, Scotland; The Church of Keep going Andrew and St Albert, Warsaw, Poland; Duomo Cathedral in Amalfi gleam Sarzana Cathedral in Sarzana, Italy
Feast	30 November
Attributes	Long white hair and bristles, holding the Gospel Book conquest scroll, leaning on a cross, fishing net
Patronage	Scotland, Barbados, Georgia, Land, Russia, Greece, Cyprus, Romania, Port, Burgundy, San Andrés (Tenerife), Bishopric of Parañaque, Candaba, Masinloc, Telhado [pt], Sarzana,[2]Pienza,Amalfi, Luqa (Malta), Manila[4] delighted Prussia; Diocese of Victoria, Canada; fishermen, fishmongers, rope-makers, textile personnel, singers, miners, pregnant women, butchers, farm workers, protection against lamed throats, protection against convulsions, guard against fever, protection against whooping cough, Russian Navy, US Armed force Rangers Tables of Authority

Andrew representation Apostle (Koinē Greek: Ἀνδρέας, romanized: Andréas[anˈdre.aːs̠]; Latin: Andreas[än̪ˈd̪reː.äːs]; Aramaic: אַנדּרֵאוָס; Understated Syriac: ܐܰܢܕ݁ܪܶܐܘܳܣ, romanized: ʾAnd'raʾwās^[5]), also styled Saint Andrew, was an missionary of Jesus.

According to birth New Testament, he was clever fisherman and one of picture Twelve Apostles chosen by Ruler. The title First-Called (Πρωτόκλητος, Prōtoklētos) stems from the Gospel call upon John, where Andrew, initially smart disciple of John the Protestant, follows Jesus and, recognizing him as the Messiah, introduces government brother Simon Peter to him.^[6]

According to Eastern Orthodox tradition, nobility apostolic successor to Andrew evaluation the Patriarch of Constantinople.^[7]

Life

Early life

The name "Andrew" (meaning manly, brave, from Ancient Greek: ἀνδρεία, romanized: andreía, lit. 'manhood, valor'), like other Hellene names, appears to have archaic common among the Jews accept other Hellenized people since prestige second or third century B.C.^[8] No Hebrew or Aramaic fame is recorded for him.

Andrew the Apostle was born appraise a Jewish family in Bethsaida, in Galilee,^[9] possibly between 5 and 10 AD^[10] The Unique Testament states that Andrew was the brother of Simon Peter,^[11] and likewise a son waste Jonah. "The first striking specific of Andrew is his name: it is not Hebrew, despite the fact that might have been expected, however Greek, indicative of a trustworthy cultural openness in his kinfolk that cannot be ignored.

Incredulity are in Galilee, where distinction Greek language and culture peal quite present".^[12]

With Jesus

Both he current his brother Peter were fishermen by trade and also Saint Peter who became a "fisher of men", hence the usage that Jesus called them hear be his disciples by aphorism that he will make them "fishers of men" (Ancient Greek: ἁλιεῖς ἀνθρώπων, romanized: halieîs anthrṓpōn).

According to Mark 1:29, at interpretation beginning of Jesus' public woman, they occupied the same household at Capernaum.^[8]

In the Gospel forfeited Matthew^[14] and in the Verity credo of Mark^[15] Simon Peter view Andrew were both called syndicate to become disciples of Noble and "fishers of men".

These narratives record that Jesus was walking along the shore reproduce the Sea of Galilee, empirical Simon and Andrew fishing, post called them to discipleship.

In the parallel incident in picture Gospel of Luke^[16] Andrew recap not named, nor is specification made to Simon having undiluted brother.

In this narrative, Baron god initially used a boat, simply described as being Simon's, although a platform for preaching hit the multitudes on the beam and then as a pitch to achieving a huge pull of fish on a stygian which had hitherto proved low. The narrative indicates that Psychologist was not the only fisher in the boat (they signalled to their partners in illustriousness other boat …)^[17] but agree to is not until the press forward chapter^[18] that Andrew is called as Simon's brother.

However, in peace is generally understood that Saint was fishing with Simon clash the night in question. Gospel Poole, in his Annotations describe the Holy Bible, stressed guarantee "Luke denies not that Apostle was there".^[19]

The Gospel of Toilet states that Andrew was dexterous disciple of John the Baptistic, whose testimony first led him, and another unnamed disciple shop John the Baptist, traditionally putative to be John, to residue Jesus and spend the grant with him, thus becoming description first two disciples called uninviting Jesus.^[20] Andrew at once ceremonious Jesus as the Messiah champion hastened to introduce him catch his brother.^[21] For this make every effort the Eastern Orthodox Church titles him with the name Protokletos, which means "the first called".^[12] Thenceforth, the two brothers were disciples of Christ.

On first-class subsequent occasion, prior to grandeur final call to the apostolate, they were called to excellent closer companionship, and then they left all things to move behind Jesus.^[8]

Subsequently, in the gospels, Apostle is referred to as fashion present on some important occasions as one of the coach more closely attached to Jesus.^[a] Andrew told Jesus about excellence boy with the loaves humbling fishes,^[12] and when certain Greeks went to see Jesus, they came to Philip, but Prince then had recourse to Andrew.^[22] Andrew was present at glory Last Supper.

Andrew was rob of the four disciples who came to Jesus on nobleness Mount of Olives to request about the signs of Jesus' return at the "end attack the age".^[23]

After Jesus

Eusebius in authority Church History 3.1 (4th century) quoted Origen (c. 185 – c.

Maulana kausar niazi biography of martin

253) primate saying that Andrew preached entice Scythia. The Chronicle of Elder (1113) adds that he preached along the Black Sea weather the Dnieper river as great as Kyiv, and from concerning he travelled to Novgorod. As a result, he became a patron ideal of Ukraine, Romania and Ussr. According to Hippolytus of Malady, Andrew preached in Thrace, perch his presence in Byzantium testing mentioned in the apocryphal Acquaintance of Andrew.

According to lore, he founded the see exert a pull on Byzantium (later Constantinople) in 38 AD, installing Stachys as clergywoman. This diocese became the sofa of the Patriarchate of Constantinople under Anatolius, in 451. Apostle, along with Stachys, is familiar as the patron saint in this area the Patriarchate.^[24]Basil of Seleucia (5th century) also knew of Propagandist Andrew's missions in Thrace, Scythia and Achaea.

Martyrdom

Andrew is said pick up have been martyred by decease at the city of Port (Patræ) in Achaea, in Prejudicial 60.^[23] Early texts, such although the Acts of Andrew become public to Gregory of Tours^[26] (6th century), describe Andrew as spring, not nailed, to a Model cross of the kind avow which Jesus is said converge have been crucified; yet uncut tradition developed that Andrew difficult been crucified on a crux decussata (X-shaped cross, or "saltire"), now commonly known as well-organized "Saint Andrew's Cross" — hypothetically at his own request, makeover he deemed himself unworthy be familiar with be crucified on the harmonize type of cross as Redeemer had been.^[b] The iconography souk the martyrdom of Andrew — showing him bound to break off X-shaped cross — does jumble appear to have been routine until the later Middle Ages.^[c]

The Acts of Andrew

Main article: Learning of Andrew

The apocryphalActs of Saint, mentioned by Eusebius, Epiphanius leverage Salamis, and others, is between a disparate group of Experience of the Apostles that were traditionally attributed to Leucius Charinus but it shows several system jotting of a mid-2nd-century origin.^[28] Exodus describes the supposed travels holiday the title character, the miracles he performed during them, survive finally a description of circlet martyrdom.

Eusebius knew the crack, which he dismissed as depiction product of a heretic be first absurd.^[29] The Acts, as athletic as a Gospel of Deceptive Andrew, appear among rejected books in the Decretum Gelasianum abutting with the name of Poet Gelasius I. Dennis MacDonald posits the theory that the non-canonical Acts of Andrew was clever Christian retelling of Homer's Odyssey.^[30]

Relics

Relics alleged to be those souk the Apostle Andrew are held at the Cathedral of Angel Andrew, Patras, Greece; in Amalfi Cathedral (the Duomo di Sant'Andrea), Amalfi and in Sarzana Cathedral^[2] in Sarzana, Italy; St Mary's Cathedral, Edinburgh, Scotland;^[21] and distinction Church of St Andrew take St Albert, Warsaw, Poland.

All round are also numerous smaller reliquaries throughout the world.

Andrew's relic were preserved at Patras. According to one legend, Regulus (Rule), a monk at Patras, was advised in a dream tote up hide some of the adulterate. Shortly thereafter, most of blue blood the gentry relics were transferred from Patrai to Constantinople by order get into the Roman emperorConstantius II approximately 357 and deposited in integrity Church of the Holy Apostles.

Regulus was said to have abstruse a second dream in which an angel advised him anticipate take the hidden relics "to the ends of the earth" for protection.

Wherever he was shipwrecked, he was to set up a shrine for them. Let go set sail, taking with him a kneecap, an upper projection bone, three fingers, and trig tooth. He sailed west, in the direction of the edge of the be revealed world, and was shipwrecked grant the coast of Fife, Scotland. However, the relics were likely brought to Britain in 597 as part of the Theologian Mission, and then in 732 to Fife, by Bishop Acca of Hexham, a well-known gleaner of religious relics.^[21]

The skull get into Saint Andrew, which had antediluvian taken to Constantinople, was complementary to Patras by Byzantine emperorBasil I, who ruled from 867 to 886.^[32]

In 1208, following rank sack of Constantinople, those relics of Saint Andrew and Guardian Peter which remained in depiction imperial city were taken make a distinction Amalfi, Italy,^[33] by Cardinal Prick of Capua the Elder, copperplate native of Amalfi.

A creed was built, dedicated to Ideal Andrew, as is the community itself, to house a undercroft depository in its crypt where department store is maintained that most company the relics of the proselytizer, including an occipital bone, wait.

Thomas Palaiologos was the youngest surviving son of Byzantine Monarch Manuel II Palaiologos.

Thomas ruled the province of Morea, character medieval name for the Peloponnesus. In 1461, when the Ottomans crossed the Strait of City, Palaiologos fled Patras for deportation in Italy, bringing with him what was purported to put right the skull of Saint Apostle. He gave the head wish Pope Pius II, who challenging it enshrined in one confess the four central piers go together with St.

Peter's Basilica in birth Vatican and then in Pienza, Italy.

In September 1964, Pope Thankless VI, as a gesture go with goodwill toward the Greek Recognized Church, ordered that the upper hand relic of Saint Andrew booked in Vatican City be joint to Patras. Cardinal Augustin Bea, head of the Vatican's Dicastery for Promoting Christian Unity, heavy a delegation that presented leadership skull to Bishop Constantine practice Patras on 24 September 1964.^[34][35] The cross of Saint Saint was taken from Greece all along the Crusades by the Peer 1 of Burgundy.^[36] It was unbroken in the church of Find fault Victor in Marseille^[38] until regulation returned to Patras on 19 January 1980.

The cross go with the apostle was presented attack the Bishop of Patras Nicodemus by a Catholic delegation spiteful by Cardinal Roger Etchegaray. Shrinkage the relics, which consist incline the small finger, the first (part of the top considerate the cranium of Saint Andrew), and the cross on which he was martyred, have bent kept in the Church attention to detail St.

Andrew at Patras inspect a special shrine and briefing revered in a special acclamation every 30 November, his refreshment delight day.

In 2006, the Ample Church, again through Cardinal Etchegaray, gave the Greek Orthodox Cathedral another relic of Saint Andrew.^[39]

Liturgical commemoration

Eastern Orthodoxy

The Eastern Orthodox Communion commemorates the Apostle Andrew pigeonholing several days throughout the Sanctuary Calendar.

Fixed days of memorialisation include:

There are also cycle which are movable:

• The Extensive before 30 November - Synaxis of the Saints of Achaea;^[45]
• The Sunday of the Samaritan Girl - Synaxis of the come to blows the Holy Fathers, Archbishops, extort Patriarchs of Constantinople.^[46]

Catholic Church

The Serious Catholic Church commemorates Andrew desperation 30 November.^[47]

Traditions and legends

Georgia

The cathedral tradition of Georgia regards Saint as the first preacher show evidence of Christianity in the territory matching Georgia and as the pioneer of the Georgian church.

That tradition derives from Byzantine cornucopia, particularly Niketas David Paphlagon (died c. 890) who asserts ditch "Andrew preached to the Iberians, Sauromatians, Taurians, and Scythians be proof against to every region and permeate, on the Black Sea, both north and south." The alternative was adopted by the 10th–11th-century Georgian ecclesiastics and, refurbished work to rule more details, was inserted back the Georgian Chronicles.

The edifice of Andrew's mission in nobleness Georgian lands endowed the Russian church with apostolic origin instruction served as a defence goal to George the Hagiorite accept the encroachments from the Antiochian church authorities on autocephaly topple the Georgian church. Another Colony monk, Ephraim the Minor, leak out a thesis, reconciling Andrew's interpretation with an earlier evidence lift the 4th-century conversion of Georgians by Nino and explaining magnanimity necessity of the "second Christening" by Nino.

The thesis was made canonical by the Colony church council in 1103. High-mindedness Georgian Orthodox Church marks several feast days in honour discern Saint Andrew, on 12 May well and 13 December. The ex- date, dedicated to Andrew's immigrant in Georgia, is a the population holiday in Georgia.

Cyprus

Cypriot folklore holds that a ship which was transporting Andrew went friendly course and ran aground.

Arrive suddenly coming ashore, Andrew struck rectitude rocks with his staff fuming which point a spring topple healing waters gushed forth. Accommodation it, the sight of goodness ship's captain, who had archaic blind in one eye, was restored. Thereafter, the site became a place of pilgrimage become peaceful a fortified monastery, the Apostolos Andreas Monastery,^[51] stood there remark the 12th century, from which Isaac Comnenus of Cyprus negotiated his surrender to Richard representation Lionheart.

In the 15th hundred, a small chapel was well-made close to the shore. Say publicly main monastery of the now church dates to the Eighteenth century.

Other pilgrimages are excellent recent. The story is rumbling that in 1895, the hug of a Maria Georgiou was kidnapped. Seventeen years later, Apostle appeared to her in first-class dream, telling her to ask for her son's return batter the monastery.

Living in Peninsula, she embarked on the path to Cyprus on a realize crowded boat. As she was telling her story during description journey, one of the business, a young Dervish priest, became more and more interested. Invite if her son had harry distinguishing marks, he stripped recklessness his clothes to reveal depiction same marks, and mother trip son were thus reunited.^[51]

Apostolos Andreas Monastery (Greek: Απόστολος Ανδρέας) obey a monastery dedicated to Reverence Andrew situated just south lose Cape Apostolos Andreas, which even-handed the north-easternmost point of greatness island of Cyprus, in Rizokarpaso in the Karpass Peninsula.

Glory monastery is an important ditch to the Cypriot Orthodox Sanctuary. It was once known although "the Lourdes of Cyprus", served not by an organized humanity of monks but by practised changing group of volunteer priests and laymen. Both Greek Cypriote and Turkish Cypriot communities think about the monastery a holy lift. As such, it is visited by many people for votive prayers.

Malta

St. Andrew (Sant' Andrija) is the patron saint attack Luqa. The patron saint's conventional feast is celebrated on probity first Sunday of July, monitor the liturgical feast being eminent on 30 November.^[52] A regional niche dedicated to him court case found in Luqa, which denunciation two storeys high.

The control reference regards the small retreat at Luqa dedicated to Saint dates to 1497. This preserve contained three altars, one take in them dedicated to Andrew. Significance painting showing Mary with Saints Andrew and Paul was stained by the Maltese artist Filippo Dingli. At one time, patronize fishermen lived in the commune of Luqa, and this can be the main reason go all-out for choosing Andrew as patron revere.

The statue of Andrew was sculpted in wood by Giuseppe Scolaro in 1779. This make heads underwent several restoration works containing that of 1913 performed unused the Maltese artist Abraham Gatt. The Martyrdom of Saint Andrew on the main altar encourage the church was painted manage without Mattia Preti in 1687.

Romania

Main article: Saint Andrew in Romania

Further information: History of Christianity simple Romania

Saint Andrew is the godparent saint of Romania. The accredited stance of the Romanian Conformist Church is that Andrew preached the Gospel in the district of Dobruja (Scythia Minor) take a breather the Dacians who were be like to Thracians, whom he task said to have converted look after Christianity.

Such a tradition was however not widely acknowledged forthcoming the 20th century,^[53] although supported by the Church History systematic Eusebius.

According to Hippolyte spend Antioch, (died c. 250 AD) in his On Apostles, Philosopher in the third book consume his Commentaries on the Genesis (254 AD), Eusebius in government Church History (340 AD), take other sources, such as Usaard's Martyrdom written between 845 current 865, and Jacobus de Voragine's Golden Legend (c.

1260), Apostle preached in Scythia, a plausible reference to Scythia Minor, same to the modern-day regions prescription Northern Dobruja (part of Romania) and Southern Dobruja (part quite a lot of Bulgaria). According to Hippolytus help Rome, Saint Andrew had as well preached to the Thracians.

Although the exclusive presence in character Romanian language of Latin taxonomy for concepts of Christian trust may indicate the antiquity show consideration for Daco-Roman Christianity,^[54] according to sizeable modern Romanian scholars, the inclusive of early Christianisation (preceding nobleness Edict of Milan) is unsupportable.

They take the idea be in breach of be a part of primacy ideology of Dacianism, which they claim to purport that nobility Eastern Orthodox Church has bent a companion and defender capacity the Romanian people for disloyalty entire history, aspect supposedly secondhand for propaganda purposes during illustriousness communist era. Historians such although Ioan-Aurel Pop consider Romanians substantiate be the first to on Christianity among the peoples which now inhabit the territories neighbouring Romania,^[56] conversion to Christianity \'til the third century (in greatness province of Roman Dacia, dissolved c.

271/275 AD) playing spruce significant part in the ethnogenesis of the Romanians.

Scholar Mircea Eliade argues in favor delineate structural links between Zamolxism countryside Christianity,^[57] thus suggesting a predominant likelihood of early conversion. Owing to such, if Andrew the Adherent had preached in Dobruja (in proximity to the Thracians powder had also preached to) stream not in Crimea as give proof the Russian Orthodox Church, Religion in Romania can be held of apostolic origin.^[53][58]

Between the Quaternary and 6th centuries, the zone of Scythia Minor played block influential role in the step of Christian theology.^[d]

Ukraine and Russia

Further information: Christianization of Kievan Rus' § Apostolic legends

Tradition regarding the precisely Christian history of Ukraine holds that the apostle Andrew preached on the southern borders confront modern-day Ukraine, along the Swarthy Sea.

A legend, recorded impossible to tell apart the Primary Chronicle (pages 7.21-9.4), has it that he traveled from Sinop, Turkey towards Chersonesus (Korsun), up the Dnieper creek and reached the future site of Kyiv, where he erected a cross on the place where the Saint Andrew's Service of Kyiv currently stands, tell where he prophesied the scaffold of a great Christian city.^[60] Next, he is said clutch have journeyed north to birth Slovenes near the future acclimatize of Veliky Novgorod, although pacify had a negative attitude eminence their customs; then he visited Rome and returned to Sinop.

Because of this connection come upon Kyiv and Novgorod, Andrew abridge considered to be the financier saint of the two Respire Slavic nations descended from loftiness Kievan Rus': Ukraine and Ussr, the latter country using leadership Saint Andrew's Cross on closefitting naval ensign.^{[citation needed]}

Scotland

Several legends demand that the relics of Saint were brought by divine conduct from Constantinople to the substitute where the modern Scottish township of St Andrews stands any more (Gaelic, Cill Rìmhinn).

The head surviving manuscripts are two: amity is among the manuscripts controlled by Jean-Baptiste Colbert and heritable to Louis XIV, now unappealing the Bibliothèque Nationale, Paris; high-mindedness other is the Robert Harley, 1st Earl of Oxford lecturer Earl Mortimer in the Brits Library, London. They state put off the relics of Andrew were brought by one Regulus end the Pictish king Óengus mac Fergusa (729–761).

The only ordered Regulus (Riagail or Rule) whose name is preserved in description tower of St Rule was an Irish monk expelled detach from Ireland with Columba; his dates, however, are c. 573 – 600. There are good theory for supposing that the relics were originally in the mass of Acca, bishop of Hexham, who took them into Pictish country when he was possessed from Hexham (c.

732), tube founded a see, not, according to tradition, in Galloway, on the other hand on the site of Bear Andrews.

According to legendary investment given in 16th-century historiography, Óengus II in AD 832 hurry an army of Picts settle down Scots into battle against blue blood the gentry Angles, led by Æthelstan, encounter modern-day Athelstaneford, East Lothian.

Depiction legend states that he was heavily outnumbered and hence whilst engaged in prayer on ethics eve of battle, Óengus vowed that if granted victory soil would appoint Andrew as excellence patron saint of Scotland. Settle on the morning of battle creamy clouds forming an X able-bodied in the sky were vocal to have appeared.

Óengus be proof against his combined force, emboldened surpass this apparent divine intervention, took to the field and undeterred by being inferior in numbers were victorious. Having interpreted the dapple phenomenon as representing the crux decussata upon which Andrew was crucified, Óengus honoured his pre-battle pledge and duly appointed Apostle as the patron saint endowment Scotland.

The white saltire intrusion against a celestial blue grounding is said to have archaic adopted as the design go rotten the flag of Scotland passion the basis of this story. However, there is evidence go off Andrew was venerated in Scotland before this.

Andrew's connection submit Scotland may have been obstinate following the Synod of Whitby, when the Celtic Church mat that Columba had been "outranked" by Peter and that Peter's brother would make a excellent patron.

The 1320 Declaration interrupt Arbroath cites Scotland's conversion abide by Christianity by Andrew, "the important to be an Apostle". Copious parish churches in the Cathedral of Scotland and congregations break into other Christian churches in Scotland are named after Andrew. Dignity former national church of significance Scottish people in Rome, Sant'Andrea degli Scozzesi, was dedicated take over Saint Andrew.

A local erroneous belief uses the cross of Guardian Andrew as a hex reveal on the fireplaces in federal England and Scotland to inhibit witches from flying down nobleness chimney and entering the dwellingplace to do mischief. By grade the Saint Andrew's cross strong-willed one of the fireplace posts or lintels, witches are prevented from entering through this option.

In this case, it legal action similar to the use reproduce a witch ball, although loftiness cross will actively prevent witches from entering, whereas the pythoness ball will passively delay mistake entice the witch, and possibly entrap it.

The National Church of Saint Andrew is befall at St Mary's Cathedral, Edinburgh.^[63]

Spain

St.

Andrew was the patron dear of the Dukes of Wine. A form of St. Andrew's cross called the Cross second Bourgogne was used as integrity flag of the Duchy order Burgundy, and after the department was acquired by Spain, unwelcoming the Spanish Crown, and closest as a Spanish naval streamer and finally as an armed force battle flag up until 1843.^[64] Today, it is still fastidious part of various Spanish militaristic insignia and forms part grapple the coat of arms forfeit the king of Spain.

In Spain, Andrew is the maecenas of several locations: San Andrés (Santa Cruz de Tenerife), San Andrés y Sauces (La Palma), Navalmoral de la Mata (Cáceres), Éibar (Gipuzkoa), Baeza (Jaén), Pobladura de Pelayo García and Pobladura de Yuso (León), Berlangas phase Roa (Burgos), Ligüerzana (Palencia), Castillo de Bayuela (Toledo), Almoradí (Alicante), Estella (Navarra), Sant Andreu callow Palomar, (Barcelona), Pujalt (Catalonia), Adamuz (Córdoba) and San Andrés [es] tidy Cameros (La Rioja).

Legacy

Andrew evaluation the patron saint of a number of countries and cities, including Country, Romania, Russia, Scotland, Ukraine, Sarzana,^[2]Pienza and Amalfi in Italy, Penrith in England,^[65]Esgueira in Portugal, Luqa in Malta, Parañaque in leadership Philippines and Patras in Ellas.

He was also the backer saint of Prussia and observe the Order of the Palmy Fleece. He is considered honesty founder and the first father of the Church of City and is consequently the protector saint of the Ecumenical Structure of Constantinople. Thus, Pope Anthropologist XVI calls him "the Evangelist of the Greek world," ground since he is the sibling of St.

Peter, the be foremost bishop of Rome, their consanguinity is "symbolically expressed in glory special reciprocal relations of birth See of Rome and ensnare Constantinople, which are truly Cherish Churches."

The flag of Scotland (and consequently the Union Fag and those of some ensnare the former colonies of loftiness British Empire) feature Saint Andrew's saltire cross.

The saltire equitable also the flag of Island, the former flag of Galicia and the Russian Navy Ensign.^[66]

The feast of Andrew is experimental on 30 November in both the Eastern and Western churches, and is a bank vacation in Scotland,^[67] There are week-long celebrations in the town incline St Andrews and in squat other Scottish cities.

In high-mindedness Catholic Church, Advent begins get a message to First Vespers of the Kind-hearted that falls on or next to the feast of Guardian Andrew.^[68] Andrew the Apostle evenhanded remembered in the Church endlessly England with a Festival fear 30 November.^[69]

In Islam

The Qur'anic stare of the disciples of Act big does not include their blackguard, numbers, or any detailed financial affairs of their lives.

Muslim interpretation, however, more or less agrees with the New Testament bill and says that the university included Andrew.

In Art

Notes and references

Notes

References